PEM Source

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All posts with tag: "imaging"

PEM Questions

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Which of the following physical exam findings on a newborn’s sacrum does NOT mandate an MRI to rule out occult closed spinal dysraphism?

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You are seeing a 12 year old child that presents with altered mental status, fever, and history of headache and vomiting before the decline in mental status. The patient has a seizure on arrival to the ED, which resolve with lorazepam IV. The CT scan shows evidence of a subdural fluid collection. The lumbar puncture results show a neutrophilic pleocytosis with an elevated protein. Gram stain is negative. 

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You are seeing an 8 year old boy brought in by ambulance for a first time unprovoked afebrile seizure. The seizure was generalized tonic-clonic and lasted 3 minutes then self-resolved. The child is now back to baseline. A thorough history and physical exam has revealed no clear etiology for the seizure, and the neurologic exam is normal. The child was well prior to the seizure and has no significant past medical history. Blood glucose in the field was 98. The child is well-appearing and can easily obtain follow-up with his primary physician in a timely fashion. 

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You are seeing a 14 year old boy involved in a helmet vs helmet football injury. Which of the following is true regarding his evaluation and management in the ED in regards to his equipment?

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You are seeing a 15yo girl with a strong family history of nephrolithiasis who presents with colicky right flank pain, non-bloody non-bilious vomiting twice, and microscopic hematuria. Her UA results do not support a diagnosis of UTI or pyelonephritis. She is not sexually active. She was seen in the ED 6 months prior for RLQ abdominal pain and underwent a CT scan which was negative for appendicitis or any other pathology. She describes the current pain as different from the pain she had 6 months ago. After IV fluids, ketorolac, and morphine therapy her pain is improved.

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You are seeing a 3 year old who sustained a 2cm laceration to the neck from a jagged edge on a piece of metal play equipment at a local park. 

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You are seeing a 3 year old child with unrepaired Tetralogy of Fallot who presented with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and residual hemiparesis and speech difficulty after waking up from the post-ictal phase. 

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(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) You are seeing a 4 week old infant with non-bilious forceful vomiting x 3 days. [yop_poll id="176"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) An 11yo girl presents with 2 weeks of right knee pain and limp after falling off a bicycle. She has had no fever, rash, other trauma. Vital signs are: temperature 37.5, HR 80, RR 16, BP 110/60. Her exam is normal except for: a 1/6 musical systolic ejection murmur at the LLSB, acanthosis nigricans, and gait with a noticeable limp. Her right knee has no effusion, deformity, erythema, or warmth appreciable. [yop_poll id="165"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) You are caring for a 9 year old boy involved in a motor vehicle accident. He has a seatbelt sign on his left neck and you palpate subcutaneous emphysema of his upper chest. [yop_poll id="163"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) A 17yo girl presents with LUQ abdominal pain and vomiting x 2 days, and SOB x 1 day. Past medical history includes mild intermittent asthma, treatment for community-acquired pneumonia one month ago, and an MVA 1 year ago – she received head CT that was negative and was admitted and observed overnight at that time. Her CXR is below. Diaphragmatic Hernia [yop_poll id="137"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) You are seeing a 10 year old boy with abdominal pain. He was seen last night with a few hours of periumbilical abdominal pain. Work-up at that time showed a CBC with WBC 10.2, 55% neutrophils, UA negative, RLQ ultrasound appendix not visualized. He was discharged home with return precautions and instructions to follow-up with his pediatrician. He returns 15 hours later with continued constant right mid-abdomen pain, anorexia, nausea, a few episodes of non-bilious vomiting, and temperature of 37.8. [yop_poll id="123"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Which of the following is/are true of bacterial tracheitis?
  1. Children presenting with bacterial tracheitis tend to be older than children presenting with viral croup
  2. Children with bacterial tracheitis do not respond as well to racemic epinephrine and steroids as children with viral croup
  3. Children with bacterial tracheitis may have a “steeple sign” on xray
  4. Children with bacterial tracheitis most commonly have Strep pneumoniae infection
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(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) You are seeing a 15 month old who became angry about a toy being taken away, cried, turned blue in the face, passed out, and then developed tonic-clonic activity for 15 seconds. The entire episode lasted 1-2 minutes. The child is playful, drinking from a bottle of juice, and back to baseline in the ED, with a normal physical exam and vital signs. He has never done this before. Which of the following test(s) is/are most indicated?
  1. Bedside glucose
  2. Electrocardiogram
  3. Point of care hemoglobin
  4. Non-contrast CT head
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(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) [yop_poll id="95"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Which of the following elbow radiography findings can be normal in a 2 year old that fell on an outstretched arm and has decreased use of her elbow? [yop_poll id="89"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) A 16 year old football player is brought in with severe right knee pain after being hit from the front. He states that he thought his knee was displaced initially, but now it looks back in place. He has no obvious deformity or effusion on observation, and no ecchymosis. Instability testing is difficult due to the patient’s pain. Radiographs are negative for fracture or dislocation. Dorsalis pedis pulses are palpable and normal bilaterally. [yop_poll id="65"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) 14yo boy presents with LLQ abdominal pain and left hip pain for 5 days. He has not had any fever. He is an active baseball player and skinned his right knee the week before. On exam, he prefers to keep his left hip flexed at 90 degrees, walks with a limp and lordosis, and is most comfortable laying on his right side with his hips flexed. He has LLQ abdominal tenderness and has maximal pain with any attempt to extend or internally rotate his left hip. Genitourinary exam is normal. [yop_poll id="61"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) An 11 year old girl was sitting with lap belt only in the back seat of a minivan involved in a motor vehicle accident where her car was rear-ended. She has a “seat belt sign,” or ecchymosis over her lower abdomen. Her CT abdomen with contrast is normal, but she continues to have tenderness to palpation. However, she states she is hungry. [yop_poll id="48"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) A 4 year old with ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision 1 month ago, presents with headache and vomiting and increased sleepiness according to mom. The patient is well appearing and nontoxic, tolerating po’s in the ED, and has a normal funduscopic and neurologic exam. He got acetaminophen 2 hours ago and has no headache currently. [yop_poll id="39"]
Which of the following cervical spine findings would you expect to be less common in a young child as compared to an adolescent or adult? (Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) [yop_poll id="11"]  
A 3 year old comes in after falling 3 feet from the top of a kiddie slide onto cement, hitting his head. His only +PECARN symptom is 2 episodes of vomiting in the 2 hours since the fall. The medical student seeing him states to you that he is PECARN+ and he has discussed CT with the parents. What is the approximate risk of clinically important traumatic brain injury in this patient? (Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) [yop_poll id="7"]

Controversies

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Note: controversies are not meant to have a “right” answer – they are to see how most people are practicing. Would love your comments also regarding your thought processes and the evidence behind your decisions. We can learn from each other!

You are seeing a child who has had a self-resolving 5 minute generalized tonic-clonic seizure for the first time. The patient is afebrile, previously healthy, and has a normal non-focal neurologic exam. There is no evidence on your evaluation of another cause for the seizure, such as meningitis or a toxicological cause. There is no associated headache or vomiting. Family history if non-contributory. MRI is unavailable from the ED.

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(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Note: conundrums are not meant to have a “right” answer – they are to see how most people are practicing. Would love your comments also regarding your thought processes and the evidence behind your decisions. We can learn from each other! You are seeing a 9 year old with a knee laceration IMG_1416 [poll id="51"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Note: conundrums are not meant to have a “right” answer – they are to see how most people are practicing. Would love your comments also regarding your thought processes and the evidence behind your decisions. We can learn from each other! A 7 year old boy presents after injuring his lateral soft palate with a straw. He is completely asymptomatic and exam other than what is shown is normal. Palate injury [poll id="42"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Note: conundrums are not meant to have a “right” answer – they are to see how most people are practicing. Would love your comments also regarding your thought processes and the evidence behind your decisions. We can learn from each other! You are seeing a 4 year old child in significant distress due to a headache, which he has had for 2 days. It is bilateral, frontotemporal, not sudden onset, never had before. No associated fever, vomiting, neurologic abnormalities, relevant past medical history. Do you image? [poll id="35"]
(Click the link to comment and to vote - voting not working through email, sorry!) Note: conundrums are not meant to have a “right” answer – they are to see how most people are practicing. Would love your comments also regarding your thought processes and the evidence behind your decisions. We can learn from each other! You are seeing a 4 year old with 1 day of limp and now, refusal to bear weight. He is afebrile. On exam, his hip is irritable to passive external and internal rotation. He holds his hip slightly externally rotated. His CBC WBC is 8,400 with 50% neutrophils, and his ESR is 20. His plain films are normal. He has reliable parents and an assigned pediatrician who can see him the next day. [poll id="25"]
You are seeing a 5 year old with intermittent LLQ abdominal pain for a month. She is well appearing and has a benign abdominal exam. She is eating normally, not vomiting, and has no fever or diarrhea. The parents deny constipation or hard stools, but you suspect constipation is the diagnosis. [poll id="13"]
You are seeing a 6 year old with a wet-sounding cough for 4 days and fever to 39 C for 3 days. You hear crackles in the right lower lobe; there is no wheezing. CXR shows no infiltrates. Do you diagnose a "clinical pneumonia" with false negative CXR and treat with antibiotics? [poll id="10"]
Nearly 3 year old girl was eating nuts and had a coughing episode. 6 year old sibling told parents "she's choking on the nuts." In the ED, patient is completely asymptomatic, has a normal CXR and a 100% O2 sat on room air. [poll id="7"]

Tips and Tricks

bonepit.com is a great website for learning radiology. Specifically go to their Normal for age page to see normal skeletal radiographs by age and gender!

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