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You are seeing a 2-year-old boy with a history of horseshoe kidney diagnosed antenatally during routine screening ultrasound.
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You are seeing a 2-year-old boy with a history of horseshoe kidney diagnosed antenatally during routine screening ultrasound.
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November 11, 2025 at 8:41 pm
E) All of the above
Horseshoe kidney is the most common form of renal fusion, occurs in 1 in 500 live births, and is more common in males. In 90% of cases the lower poles of the kidneys are fused. Children with horseshoe kidneys have higher risk of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, UTI, nephrolithiasis, Wilm’s tumor and other renal malignancies, and injury during a blunt abdominal trauma event (due to the kidney’s lower position resulting in less protection from the rib cage). Nevertheless, at least 1/3 of patients will remain completely asymptomatic. Patients should be assessed initially with post-natal ultrasound and serum creatinine, and then should be followed every 1-2 years with ultrasound, serum Cr, urinalysis, and blood pressure checks.